Graphene batteries represent a significant leap forward in energy storage technology, leveraging the extraordinary properties of graphene—a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Renowned for its exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and vast surface area, graphene is incorporated into lithium-ion batteries to dramatically enhance their performance. It is typically used as a conductive additive in the anode or cathode, or as a coating on separators, which collectively lowers internal resistance. This reduction in resistance enables two major benefits: drastically faster charging times and a higher power output. Furthermore, graphene's superior thermal management improves battery safety by efficiently dissipating heat, thereby reducing the risk of overheating and thermal runaway.

The potential applications for this technology are transformative across multiple industries. In electric vehicles, graphene-enhanced batteries promise not only ultra-fast charging, comparable to refueling a conventional car, but also longer driving ranges and enhanced longevity due…